[104], The Prosecutor will initiate an investigation unless there are "substantial reasons to believe that an investigation would not serve the interests of justice" when "[t]aking into account the gravity of the crime and the interests of victims". The Prosecutor conducts preliminary examinations, investigations and is the only one who can bring cases before the Court. [298], Concerning the independent Office of Public Counsel for the Defence (OPCD), Thomas Lubanga's defence team say they were given a smaller budget than the Prosecutor and that evidence and witness statements were slow to arrive. The ICC's detention centre accommodates both those convicted by the court and serving sentences as well as those suspects detained pending the outcome of their trial. [139] When a case is referred to the ICC by the UN Security Council all UN member states are obliged to co-operate, since its decisions are binding for all of them. [122] These include the right to be fully informed of the charges against him or her; the right to have a lawyer appointed, free of charge; the right to a speedy trial; and the right to examine the witnesses against him or her. (See International Criminal Court, 2008: International Criminal Court, 18 October 2005. International Criminal Court, January 2007. International Criminal Court, 18 October 2007. [3] The issue was addressed again at a conference held in Geneva under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1937, which resulted in the conclusion of the first convention stipulating the establishment of a permanent international court to try acts of international terrorism. The Court moved into its first permanent premises in The Hague, located at Oude Waalsdorperweg 10, on 14 December 2015. [21] Following the imposition of sanctions on 11 June 2020 by the Trump administration, the court branded the sanctions an "attack against the interests of victims of atrocity crimes" and an "unacceptable attempt to interfere with the rule of law". If it does, the Office begins a preliminary examination by first considering whether the alleged crimes fall within the subject-matter jurisdiction of the Court (phase 2). Note "Statuts de la CPI": p. 71-181. [46] Disputes concerning individual cases are settled by the Judicial Divisions. "Ukraine accepts ICC jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed since 20 February 2014", Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court, "Uganda to host Rome Statute Review Conference " The Hague Justice Portal", "New ICC Presidency elected for 2018–2021", "International Criminal Court elects first woman president", The Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute opens its tenth session, "Is the ICC Reconsidering its Policy on the "Interests of Justice"? [296] This move was widely criticized by human rights groups. Description 213 pages ; 22 cm. Article 6 defines the crime of genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Until late 2015, the ICC was housed in interim premises in The Hague provided by the Netherlands. OTP's policy papers are subject to revision. Justice is a key prerequisite for lasting peace. They were sworn in at the inaugural session of the Court on 11 March 2003. La Cour pénale internationale encourage tout particulièrement les candidatures féminines. [53] They must be "persons of high moral character, impartiality and integrity who possess the qualifications required in their respective States for appointment to the highest judicial offices". It comprises twelve cells on the premises of the Scheveningen branch of the Haaglanden Penal Institution, The Hague, close to the ICC's new headquarters in the Alexanderkazerne. In total there are 74 war crimes listed in article 8. [175] Bemba's convictions were overturned by the Court's Appeal Chamber in 2018.[176]. Author Tine, A. [145] Article 16 of the Rome Statute allows the Security Council to prevent the Court from investigating or prosecuting a case,[146] and Article 53 allows the Prosecutor the discretion not to initiate an investigation if he or she believes that "an investigation would not serve the interests of justice". Governed by an international treaty called the Rome Statute, the ICC is the world’s first permanent international criminal court. This authorization has led the act to be nicknamed the "Hague Invasion Act",[292][293] because the freeing of U.S. citizens by force might be possible only through military action. [31], The ICC is governed by the Assembly of States Parties, which is made up of the states that are party to the Rome Statute. 1980 – 1985 5 years. [54] Any request for the disqualification of a judge from a particular case is decided by an absolute majority of the other judges. Kofi Annan, ancien Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. [73][74], The Registry is responsible for the non-judicial aspects of the administration and servicing of the Court. Qu'est-ce que la sensibilisation? International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). [115] A majority of the three judges present, as triers of fact, may reach a decision, which must include a full and reasoned statement. If there are no admissibility concerns, the Office then considers the interests of justice and decides whether or not to begin a formal investigation (phase 4). [307] They argue that national prosecutions, where possible, are more cost-effective, preferable to victims and more sustainable. Indicted but died before the trial and/or appeal (where applicable) was concluded. The process to establish the Court's jurisdiction may be "triggered" by any one of three possible sources: (1) a State party, (2) the Security Council or (3) a Prosecutor. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir visited Kenya, South Africa, China, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Ethiopia, Qatar and several other countries despite an outstanding ICC warrant for his arrest but was not arrested; he said that the charges against him are "exaggerated" and that the ICC was a part of a "Western plot" against him. No statute of limitations applies to any of the crimes defined in the Statute. [286][287] However, following Gambia's presidential election later that year, which ended the long rule of Yahya Jammeh, Gambia rescinded its withdrawal notification. Langues pratiquées : Anglais. [97] For example, if the Security Council refers a situation that took place in the territory of a state that has both not become party to the Rome Statute and not lodged a declaration with the Court, the Court will still be able to prosecute crimes that occurred within that state. The Court's management oversight and legislative body, the Assembly of States Parties, consists of one representative from each state party. [160], The building has a compact footprint and consists of six connected building volumes with a garden motif. [27] John Bolton, National Security Advisor of the United States, stated that ICC Court had no jurisdiction over the US, which did not ratify the Rome Statute. [85] The most serious crimes, however, are those that constitute either grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which only apply to international conflicts,[85] and serious violations of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which apply to non-international conflicts. CICC members ascribe to three principles that permit them to work under the umbrella of the CICC, so long as their objectives match them: The NGOs that work under the CICC do not normally pursue agendas exclusive to the work of the Court, rather they may work for broader causes, such as general human rights issues, victims' rights, gender rights, rule of law, conflict mediation, and peace. States which become party to the Rome Statute become members of the ICC, serving on the Assembly of States Parties, which administers the court. [163][164] Suspects held by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia are held in the same prison and share some facilities, like the fitness room, but have no contact with suspects held by the ICC. [45] However, critics of the Court argue that there are "insufficient checks and balances on the authority of the ICC prosecutor and judges" and "insufficient protection against politicized prosecutions or other abuses". In the Akayesu case[82] the Court concluded that inciting directly and publicly others to commit génocide is in itself constitutive of a crime. [14] The Court issued its first arrest warrants on 8 July 2005,[15] and the first pre-trial hearings were held in 2006. Antoinette Mukeshimana. Il était présent à Bruxelles à la fondation d'Avocats sans Frontières avec le Bâtonnier de Moscou après avoir rapproché le Barreau de Paris et le Barreau de Moscou. [85] Such crimes include attacking civilians or civilian objects, attacking peacekeepers, causing excessive incidental death or damage, transferring populations into occupied territories, treacherously killing or wounding, denying quarter, pillaging, employing poison, using expanding bullets, rape and other forms of sexual violence, and conscripting or using child soldiers. The President is the most senior judge chosen by his or her peers in the Judicial Division, which hears cases before the Court. Trials in the Ntaganda case (DR Congo), the Bemba et al. [25] A decision by the High Court of South Africa in early 2017 ruled that withdrawal would be unconstitutional, prompting the South African government to inform the UN that it was revoking its decision to withdraw. In addition to founding the Court and defining the crimes of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and – as of amendments made in 2010 – the crime of aggression, the Rome Statute also sets new standards for victims' representation in the Courtroom, and ensures fair trials and the rights of the defence. Entrée en vigueur du Statut de Rome suite à sa ratification par 60 États, fondation officielle de la CPI. In June 1989 Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, A. N. R. Robinson revived the idea of a permanent international criminal court by proposing the creation of such a court to deal with the illegal drug trade. [16] The Court issued its first judgment in 2012 when it found Congolese rebel leader Thomas Lubanga Dyilo guilty of war crimes related to using child soldiers. [33], As of November 2019[update], 123 states[34] are parties to the Statute of the Court, including all the countries of South America, nearly all of Europe, most of Oceania and roughly half of Africa. Le Procureur effectue des examens préliminaires, mène des enquêtes et il est le seul à pouvoir porter des affaires devant la Cour. The ICC has been accused of bias and as being a tool of Western imperialism, only punishing leaders from small, weak states while ignoring crimes committed by richer and more powerful states. Every communication is first given an initial assessment to determine if it is sufficiently serious and if it falls within the Court's jurisdiction (phase 1). Despite these legitimate intentions and great expectations, there is little evidence of the The Trial Proceedings of the International Criminal Court – ICTY and ICTR Precedents, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006, (, Calvo-Goller, Karin, La procédure et la jurisprudence de la Cour pénale internationale, (Preface by Pr Robert Badinter), Lextenso éditions – La Gazette du Palais, 2012, (. [158], Demolition of the barracks started in November 2011 and was completed in August 2012. Code annoté de la Cour... My Searches (0) Cart (0) brill Menu . [269] Many work closely with states, such as the International Criminal Law Network, founded and predominantly funded by the Hague municipality and the Dutch Ministries of Defense and Foreign Affairs. One of the plaintiffs, Diane Marie Amann, stated that, as a result of sanctions against the chief prosecutor at the ICC, she herself risked having her family assets seized if she continued to work for children who are bought and sold by traffickers, killed, tortured, sexually abused and forced to become child soldiers. Cour Pénale Internationale. [140] Also, there is an obligation to respect and ensure respect for international humanitarian law, which stems from the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I,[141] which reflects the absolute nature of international humanitarian law. Justice for victims before the ICC comprises both procedural and substantive justice, by allowing them to participate and present their views and interests, so that they can help to shape truth, justice and reparations outcomes of the Court. [135] Reparations can include compensation, restitution and rehabilitation, but other forms of reparations may be appropriate for individual, collective or community victims. The ICC, said Bolton, is "superfluous" given that "domestic judicial systems already hold American citizens to the highest legal and ethical standards." "Fair Trials and International Courts: A Critical Evaluation of the Nuremberg Legacy." [155] Part of The Hague's International Zone,[156] which also contains the Peace Palace, Europol, Eurojust, ICTY, OPCW and The Hague World Forum, the court facilities are situated on the site of the Alexanderkazerne, a former military barracks, adjacent to the dune landscape on the northern edge of the city. It's free! Individuals can only be prosecuted for crimes that took place on or after 1 July 2002, which is the date that the Rome Statute entered into force. 2 langues de travail : anglais et français. Watch now. "Universal Jurisdiction and the International Criminal Court". [139] Taking into account the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (which worked with the principle of the primacy, instead of complementarity) in relation to co-operation, some scholars have expressed their pessimism as to the possibility of ICC to obtain co-operation of non-party states. [75] The Registry is headed by the Registrar, who is elected by the judges to a five-year term. The ICC has four principal organs: the Presidency, the Judicial Divisions, the Office of the Prosecutor, and the Registry. when the Pre-Trial Chamber authorises him or her to open an investigation on the basis of information received from other sources, such as individuals or non-governmental organisations. [116] Trials are supposed to be public, but proceedings are often closed, and such exceptions to a public trial have not been enumerated in detail. Botswana is a notable supporter of the ICC in Africa. Headquarters: The Hague, the Netherlands. [269] The CICC coordinates their efforts to improve the efficiency of NGOs' contributions to the Court and to pool their influence on major common issues. Retrieved 11 June 2020. International Criminal Court, 1 February 2007. International Criminal Court, August 2006. [270] The original steering committee included representatives from the World Federalist Movement, the International Commission of Jurists, Amnesty International, the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Human Rights Watch, Parliamentarians for Global Action, and No Peace Without Justice. The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. [281] The UNSC was then asked to consider deferring the trials of Kenyatta and Ruto for a year,[282] but this was rejected. The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. By denying states the right to offer amnesty to human rights abusers, the International Criminal Court may make it more difficult to negotiate an end to conflict and a transition to democracy. [56] Requests for the disqualification of prosecutors are decided by the Appeals Chamber. [179], Key: [20] The current administration of Donald Trump is considerably more hostile to the Court, threatening prosecutions and financial sanctions on ICC judges and staff in US courts as well as imposing visa bans in response to any investigation against American nationals in connection to alleged crimes and atrocities perpetrated by the US in Afghanistan. View may htike’s full profile. The tallest volume with a green facade, placed in the middle of the design, is the Court Tower that accommodates 3 courtrooms. Rwanda's ambassador to the African Union, Joseph Nsengimana, argued that "It is not only the case of Kenya. The CICC has 2,500 member organizations in 150 different countries. [76] The current Registrar is Peter Lewis, who was elected on 28 March 2018.[77]. Obviously, only persons who are publicly indicted are listed. This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 14:33. [302], The fundamental principle of complementarity of the ICC Rome Statute is often taken for granted in the legal analysis of international criminal law and its jurisprudence. [44], The Assembly elects the judges and prosecutors, decides the Court's budget, adopts important texts (such as the Rules of Procedure and Evidence), and provides management oversight to the other organs of the Court. The preliminary examination relates to registered vessels of the Comoros, Greece and Cambodia. The official seat of the Court is in The Hague, Netherlands, but its proceedings may take place anywhere.[153][154]. Though the ICC has denied the charge of disproportionately targeting African leaders, and claims to stand up for victims wherever they may be, Kenya was not alone in criticising the ICC. Antoinette Mukeshimana famer at home. "ICC officials recognize that the NGOs pursue their own agendas, and that they will seek to pressure the ICC in the direction of their own priorities rather than necessarily understanding or being fully sympathetic to the myriad constraints and pressures under which the Court operates. [19], During the administration of Barack Obama, US opposition to the ICC evolved to "positive engagement," although no effort was made to ratify the Rome Statute. Voilà un sujet que vous risquez de trouver rébarbatif, mais je vais essayer de vous le rendre intéressant. Robinson to the Board of Directors of the Victims Trust Fund", "Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court, 1994", "Results of the Rome Conference for an International Criminal Court", "The International Criminal Court – A Historic Development in the Fight for Justice", "Warrant of Arrest Unsealed Against Five LRA Commanders", "Prosecutor Presents Evidence That Could Lead to First ICC Trial", "ICC finds Congo warlord Thomas Lubanga guilty", "US Threatens International Criminal Court", "U.N. regrets Trump move against ICC, says court must be protected", "International Criminal Court hits back at US over sanctions", "Gambia is the latest African country deciding to pull out of International Criminal Court", "Burundi Quits International Criminal Court", South Africa Reverses Withdrawal From International Criminal Court, "ICC prosecutor requests investigation into U.S. military, CIA for alleged war crimes in Afghanistan", "Senior ICC judges authorise Afghanistan war crimes inquiry", "Trump targets ICC with sanctions after court opens war crimes investigation", "Philippines becomes second country to quit ICC", 'Human rights lawyers sue Trump administration for 'silencing' them ,', United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, "Reference: C.N.805.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)", The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The Lubanga[174] and Katanga-Chui trials in the situation of the DR Congo are concluded. [88], Article 8 bis defines crimes of aggression. Please enable scripts and reload this page. [60] She has been elected for nine years. [136], One of the principles of international law is that a treaty does not create either obligations or rights for third states without their consent, and this is also enshrined in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The prosecution of Kenyan Deputy President William Ruto and President Uhuru Kenyatta (both charged before coming into office) led to the Kenyan parliament passing a motion calling for Kenya's withdrawal from the ICC, and the country called on the other 33 African states party to the ICC to withdraw their support, an issue which was discussed at a special African Union (AU) summit in October 2013. Oxford Bibliographies Online: Criminology. Jean-Marie Henckaerts & Louise Doswald-Beck, 2005. A situation is listed here if the Prosecutor of the Court has opened an investigation. [148][149] Czech politician Marek Benda argues that "the ICC as a deterrent will in our view only mean the worst dictators will try to retain power at all costs". [137] The co-operation of the non-party states with the ICC is envisioned by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to be of voluntary nature. [168] The Assembly of States Parties approved a budget of €90.4 million for 2008,[167] €101.2 million for 2009,[169] and €141.6 million for 2017. [96] As with territorial jurisdiction, the personal jurisdiction can be expanded by the Security Council if it refers a situation to the Court.[97]. NGOs helped birth the ICC through advocacy and championing for the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes against humanity. It means that the ICC acts inconsistently in its selection of cases, is prevented from taking on hard cases and loses legitimacy. De plus, le Statut de Rome établit de nouvelles normes en matière de représentation des victimes en salle d’audience, et il assure la tenue de procès équitables et la protection des droits de la Défense. The Rome Statute then took effect in 2002, upon ratification by 60 States. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni accused the ICC of "mishandling complex African issues." [129], Article 43(6) establishes a Victims and Witnesses Unit to provide "protective measures and security arrangements, counseling and other appropriate assistance for witnesses, victims who appear before the Court, and others who are at risk on account of testimony given by such witnesses. Indicted but has not yet appeared before the Court. To ensure "equality of arms" between defence and prosecution teams, the ICC has established an independent Office of Public Counsel for the Defence (OPCD) to provide logistical support, advice and information to defendants and their counsel. [289] On 7 March 2017 the South African government formally revoked its intention to withdraw;[290] however, the ruling ANC revealed on 5 July 2017 that its intention to withdraw stands.[291]. : La Cour pénale internationale est une institution très importante du point de vue de la politique communautaire. The ICC is financed by contributions from the states parties. [103][102], The Court will only initiate proceedings if a crime is of "sufficient gravity to justify further action by the Court". [142] Although the wording of the Conventions might not be precise as to what steps have to be taken, it has been argued that it at least requires non-party states to make an effort not to block actions of ICC in response to serious violations of those Conventions.
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