Such toleration had not been attained in Europe even after suffering along one-thousand years of destructive wars, deep-rooted resentments and bloody carnages.”[2], “The reader will see, in our discussion of the conquests of the Arabs and the causes of their victory, that force was not the main factor of the spread of the Qur’an. Since the value of the civilizational influence of a nation on another is determined by the extent it develops and reforms it, the conclusion will be that the Arabs had a great influence on Sicily.”[23], “It is attributed to Bacon, in general, that he was the first to hold experiment and observation, the pillars of the modern scientific methodology, in the position of the instructor. Beginning in 1902, his Wednesday luncheons attracted the Parisian intellectual and social elite. The Spaniards accepted it willingly and submitted to the Arabs compliantly.”[8], No conquerors like the Arabs have ever been known, “The early conquests of the Arabs were supposed to blind their eyes and cause them to commit the same injustices usually done by conquerors, wrong the conquered and compel them to adopt their religion which they liked to spread all over the world. Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Médecin et sociologue français, Gustave Le Bon est l'auteur de nombreux ouvrages dont La Psychologie des foules en 1895. His writings have theories of national traits, racial superiority, herd behavior and crowd psychology. No doubt, the barbarous Christian Europe would have gotten the same flourishing civilization which Spain obtained under the banner of Arab civilization and, after being edified, would have avoided such severe catastrophes of religious wars, the epic of San Barthélémy, the wrongdoings of inquisitions and, in short, all calamities from which the Muslims were far yet tinted Europe with blood along many centuries.”[12]. Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), a French social psychologist, is often seen as the father of the study of crowd psychology. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931. Gustave Le Bon was a French doctor and sociologist and a pioneering figure in social psychology. Such outcomes, as I have mentioned more than once, could never have been achieved by force nor had they been attained by these who ruled Egypt before the Arabs.”[7], “The Arabs completed the conquest of Spain very quickly because the big cities hastened to open their gates to the conquerors that entered Cordoba, Malaga, Granada and Toledo, almost with a peace treaty. His works include: La Civilization des Arabes (1884); La Psychologie des Foules (1895); La Psychologie de l’éducation (1910); Les opinions et les croyances (1911); La révolution française et la psychologie des Révolutions (1912); Enseignements psychologiques de la guerre européenne (1915); Premières conséquences de la guerre (1916); Hier et demain. It was sufficient for him to wipe away the pictures hung on the Ka‘bah and cleanse it from the 360 idols which he commanded to be overturned. Merrill, Trevor. Politically, they founded one of the greatest states known in history and civilized Europe culturally and morally. يصدر عن قصة الإسلام موقع قصة الإسلام لايت الذي تهتم بالموضوعات الخفيفة والمشوقة التي تتعلق بالتاريخ. As important as it might be and, in spite of the fact that a lot of topics and paragraphs deserve to be quoted here, the aim of the book permitted only to choose what seemed to me to be the clearest and most important. Its “soul” is determined by three factors: (1) its number; (2) the force of contagion or imitation; and (3) hypnotic suggestion. Since the very first events, they contacted the native inhabitants of the neighboring territories who, suffering for long centuries from the transgression of their conquerors, were willing to receive, with warmth and gladness, any new conqueror to lighten the severe pressure from them. It would not be verbose to refer to what is translated by monsieur Dousi about one of the Arab scholars who devoted himself in Baghdad to many lessons in philosophy attended by Jews, atheists, Magians, Muslims, Christians and others. Then, they devoted themselves to the study of sciences and arts, translation of Greek and Latin books into Arabic and foundation of universities that remained the only cultural refuge in Europe for a long time.”[22], “Sicily, at the time the Arabs left it, was culturally, industrially and socially higher than it had been when they entered it. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The whole of the common characteristics with which heredity endows the individuals of a race constitute the genius of the race. The numerous Christian churches they built during the Arab reign give a clear proof that the Arabs respected the creeds of other nations which submitted to their authority.”[15], “The Arab civilization produced by the followers of Muhammad was subject to the same norms which governed the previous civilizations in the world: emergence, evolution, decline and death. No ethnos like the Arabs could be fit for a living example of the influence of the factors lying behind the foundation, magnificence and decline of states.”[30]. In The Laws of Imitation (1880), he suggests that imitation drives the development of language…. Gustave Le Bon, né le 7 mai 1841 à Nogent-le-Rotrou et mort le 13 décembre 1931 à Marnes-la-Coquette, est un médecin, anthropologue, psychologue social et sociologue français. Gustave Le Bon. Nogent-le-Retrou 1841 - Paris 1931. Crowd psychology, also known as mob psychology, is They used to show mercy to the weak, be kind towards the conquered and abide by the conditions they imposed upon themselves, to the end of those good traits.”[11], However, La Bon does not hide his sorrow for the fact that the Muslims did not rule France and that their conquests in northern France came to end with Poitiers. Contributon Biography His greatest contribution was the book he wrote in 1895 called "The Crowd:A study of the popular mind". The opposite was true of the Arabs, who very quickly founded a new civilization extremely different from those prior to it and succeeded in attracting numerous peoples to their religion and language, not to mention their new civilization.”[19], Europe, in its civilization, is indebted to the Arabs, “The Arabs had a great influence on the West, and Europe, in its civilization, is indebted to the Arabs. 1895. [1] Gustave La Bon, La Civilization des Arabes, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 126. In fact, the Arabs established one of the strongest religions which prevailed in the world and whose influence is still more vital than that of any other religion. [19] Gustave La Bon, La Civilization des Arabes, 135. From La Civilization des Arabes (the Civilization of the Arabs): “Islam, from among all religions, best suits the science discoveries and is the most ready to edify souls and force them to abide by justice, kindness and toleration.”[1], “With the flourishing of Arab civilization, religious toleration was absolute – a fact for which we have brought more than one indication. Le Bon, Gustave (1841â1931), French social scientist and philosopher. A dynamic table of contents allows you to jump directly to the work selected. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931 -- Travel. Hijo de Jean Marie Charles Le Bon y Annette Josephine Eugenic Tetiot Desmar- linais. The Arabs left the conquered free to practice their religions. The way the caliphs had to follow was very clear: they knew how to refrain from compelling anyone by force to leave his religion and not to put to sword those who did not embrace Islam. doi:10.4324/9781135000356-REM1586-1, Merrill, T.(2016). The electric interests and abilities of Gustave Le Bon led to a full and productive life. Ta⦠Gustave Le Bon (7. kvÄtna 1841, Nogent-le-Rotrou â 13. prosince 1931, Marnes-la-Coquette) byl francouzský sociální psycholog, sociolog, antropolog a amatérský fyzik. Mai 1841 in Nogent-le-Rotrou; â 13. May 7, 1841 d. Dec 13, 1931} The following work is devoted to an account of the characteristics of crowds. Gustave Le Bon nació el 7 de mayo de 1841, en Nogent-le-Rotrou, Francia. Dezember 1931 in Paris) war ein französischer Mediziner, Anthropologe, Psychologe, Soziologe und Erfinder. Entries cover individuals, coteries, movements, and events. Le Bon, Gustave ÙÙبÙÙØ ØºÙستاÙØ 1841-1931 Le Bon, G. (Gustave), 1841-1931 Gustave Le Bon Ù٠بÙÙØ Ø¬ÙستاÙØ 1841-1931 ÙÙبÙÙØ ØºÙستا٠Ðебон, Ð. : Taylor and Francis. Gustave Le Bon (urodziÅ siÄ 7 maja 1841 w Nogent-le-Rotrou; zmarÅ 13 grudnia 1931 w Paryżu) â francuski socjolog i psycholog.Le Bon i Gabriel Tarde uznawani sÄ
za inicjatorów psychologii spoÅecznej i gÅównych przedstawicieli psychologizmu w socjologii. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931: Title: Psychologie de l'éducation Language: French: LoC Class: LA: Education: History of education: Subject: Education, Higher Subject: Education -- France Category: If it happened that some Christians embraced Islam and took Arabic as their language, this was due to the justice they saw from the victorious Arabs the like of which they did not see from their previous masters, in addition to the ease of Islam which they knew not before.”[3], “It has been proven throughout history that religions cannot be imposed by force. The more tolerant Islam seems to be, the stronger it becomes internally and externally. No nation has ever achieved the greatest number of inventions within the shortest time as the Arabs did. Gustave Le Bon (7 de mayo, 1841 - 13 de diciembre, 1931) fue un sociólogo y físico aficionado, en el campo de la psicología social es una gran influencia por sus aportaciones sobre la dinámica social y grupal. 1/ Les contenus accessibles sur le site Gallica sont pour la plupart des reproductions numériques d'oeuvres tombées dans le domaine public provenant des collections de la BnF.Leur réutilisation s'inscrit dans le cadre de la loi n°78-753 du 17 juillet 1978 : They announced publicly anywhere that they respected the peoples’ creeds, customs and habits and rather satisfied themselves with taking, in return for protecting those peoples, a very little Jizyah much less than what they paid to their previous masters.”[14], “It is they who taught, or say, tried to teach the Christians toleration, the most cherished human characteristic. Muhammad challenged both men and jinn to produce the like of the Quran and this was the strongest indication to the truth of his message. 6 by Gustave Le Bon; Psychologie de l'éducation by Gustave Le Bon. In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. In spite of carrying the sword to spread their religion, they left those who did not like to adopt it free with their own religious precepts.”, According to Michaud in his History of the Crusades, “The Qur’an which enjoins Jihâd upon the Muslims shows great toleration towards the followers of other religions. According to Robertson in his History of Charlemagne, “The great zeal the Muslims (from among all men of religions) had for their religion went side by side with a spirit of toleration toward the followers of other religions. But it should be recognized today that all this was the work of the Arabs alone – an opinion opted for by all scholars who studied the Arab writings.”[24], “The more we delve into the study of Arab civilization, scientific books, arts and inventions, the more new facts and extensive horizons will appear to us. Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Repu⦠About the author: Charles-Marie Gustave le Bon (1841â1931) was one of Franceâs most famous polymaths, who wrote and studied extensively in the fields of anthropology, psychology, and science. “We see from the Qur’anic verses that Muhammad’s toleration with the Jews and Christians was so great as none among the founders of the religions before him, of Judaism or Christianity, had never been, and we would see how his successors followed his method in this respect. [29] Gustave La Bone, la religion et la vie, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 67. In his works, he recognizes the credit of Arab and Islamic civilization on European ⦠Le Bon, Gustave (1841â1931). 5/7/1841 in Nogent-le-Retrou) p. 262 (d. 12/15/1931) Gustave Le Bon (Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931) A Wikipedia article about this author is available.. Gustave Le Bon : parcours d'un intellectuel, 1841-1931 by Benoit Marpeau ( Book ) Gustave Le Bon by Raymond Queneau ( Book ) Table of Co⦠Charles Marie Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Gustave Lebon (1841-1931) Ä Å«stÄf LÅ« BÅ«n (1841-1931) (arabe) غÙستا٠Ù٠بÙÙ (1841-1931) (arabe) ISNI : ISNI 0000 0001 2100 6485: Information (catalogue BnF archives et manuscrits) : Médecin, Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), fut chargé pendant la guerre de 1870 d'une des divisions des ambulances militaires volantes de l'armée de Paris. أكبر بوابة للتاريخ الإسلامي على شبكة الإنترنت، وتنشر محتواها بسبع لغات عالمية. After completing medical studies in Paris he traveled extensively and wrote on a variety of topics ranging from premature burial to equitation. Crowds are credulous, unpremeditated in their actions, and untrustworthy as a source of reliable testimony. His interests then turned to anthropology and psychology. He also made the Ka‘bah an Islamic place of worship and soon it became the main house of Islam.”[28], You are indeed on a high model of moral character, “Muhammad was a man of noble manners, wisdom, kindheartedness, compassion, mercy, truthfulness and trustworthiness.”[29], “Few are the nations that excelled the Arabs in civility. Lire: Benoît Marpeau, Gustave Le Bon - Parcours d'un intellectuel 1841-1931 , CNRS éditions 2000. 1841-1931 ÐÑÑÑав Le Bon, Gustave, 1842-1931 Le Bon, G. 1841-1931 Gustav Ðебон, ÐÑÑÑав, 1841-1931. This influence on the West could be perceived only by imagining the state in which Europe was before civilization was brought to it. Ordinary people can typically gain direct power by acting collectively. This is why the credit of Muhammad on the Arabs was extremely great.”[26], One of the greatest personalities known in history, “Since the value of men is measured with what they do of glorious deeds, Muhammad is one of the greatest personalities known in history. Historically, because large groups of people have been able to bring about dramatic and sudden social change in a manner that bypasses the established due process, they have also provoked controversy. Today he is known primarily for The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895). In every…, Gabriel Tarde was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and criminologist. Fue autor de numerosos trabajos en los que expuso teorías sobre los rasgos nacionales, la superioridad racial, el comportamiento y la psicología de las masas. Although Gustave Le Bon was originally trained as a physician, Le Bon's primary contribution was in sociology, where he developed major theories on crowd behavior.. Le Bon believed an understanding of crowd psychology was essential for a proper understating of the both history and the nature of man. Muhammad forbade killing monks because they devoted themselves to worship. Date Accessed 21 Dec. 2020 https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. Among his famous books is La Civilization des Arabes (The Civilization of the Arabs), one of the most fundamental books written in Europe in the modern age, impartial and objective in judgment on Arab and Islamic civilization. He imposed only a little Jizyah on them. Er gilt als einer der Begründer der Massenpsychologie, einem Teilgebiet der Sozialpsychologie. He granted safety to its people and gave them a pledge of respect for their churches and property and prohibited Muslims to perform their rites in their synagogues.”[6], “‘Amr ibn al-‘Âs, in his conduct in Egypt, was no less kind. Le Bon analyzed different kinds of crowds, including criminal crowds, electoral crowds, and parliamentary assemblies. : Taylor and Francis, 2016. It was these who civilized Europe physically, mentally and morally and no nation along history has ever produced the like of what they produced within such a short time and no people have ever excelled them in artistic innovation.”[25], The best nation to be produced for the people, “However, the achievements made by Muhammad in the Arab territories went beyond those of all religions before Islam, including even Judaism and Christianity. [30] Gustave La Bon, La Civilization des Arabes, 618. sociologue français, 1841-1931. They also embraced the religion of the Arabs and learned their language willingly. Le Bon, Gustave (1841?-1931). His La Civilization des Arabes (the Civilization of the Arabs) is a clear witness to Islam and Islamic civilization. ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb did not harm the Christians when he entered Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis), whereas when the Christians entered it, they slew the Muslims and burnt the Jews mercilessly.”, In his book, A Religious Trip in the East, monk Michaud says: “Unfortunately, the Christians learnt from the Muslims the toleration which is the sign of doing good among nations, showing respect for the creeds of others and abstention from imposing any dogma upon them by force.””[13], “The political ingenuity of the early caliphs was no less than the military skill they acquired very soon. Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931). Download This eBook. … Meanwhile, the Arabs well ruled the Spaniards, the same as they had done with those of Syria and Egypt. Online Books by. "Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)." Obtuvo el título de doctor en 1876. The Psychology Of Peoples In The Psychology of Peoples (1894), Le Bon posited that emotions such as honor, nationalism, and religious faith (rather than reason) drive social evolution. Pensées brèves (1918); Psychologie des temps nouveaux (1920); Le déséquilibre du monde (1923); Les incertitudes de l’heure présente (1923); Bases scientifiques d’une philosophie de l’histoire (1931); and others. Le Bon (Gustave, 1841-1931) auteur, déresponsabilisation, foule, groupe, Le Bon, masse, psychologie sociale . In spite of the fact that the Arab civilization perished much like the previous ones, nothing affected the religion of the Prophet which still has the same influence it had in the past and the same great authority over souls, although other older religions lose day after day something of their power.”[16], “Saladin did not like to follow, with the Crusaders, the same barbarous approach their ancestors had followed with the Muslims. One of these eternal laws that Le Bon constantly invoked is the futility of rationality in the affairs of society: an idea does not prevail because it is true, but by virtue of psychological mechanisms that have nothing to do with reason, such as repetition and âmental contagion.â These mechanisms permit an idea to penetrate into the unconscious, and it is only when an idea does become part of the unconscious that it becomes effective for action. تضم بوابة قصة الإسلام العديد من التطبيقات الفرعية مثل: المنتديات، والمكتبات، والإنفوجرافيك. The Psychology Of Peoples [Le Bon, Gustave 1841-1931] on Amazon.com. See also what's at your library, or elsewhere. يشرف على بوابة قصة الإسلام الأستاذ الدكتور راغب السرجاني، المؤرخ والباحث ومؤلف العديد من النظريات التاريخية. The crowd’s “collective mind” responds to suggestions more readily than the individual minds of its members, hence its “servility” in the face of strong authority. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. Le Bon estudió en el lycée de Tours y después ingresó en la Facultad de Medicina de París. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire on 7 May 1841 to a family of Breton ancestry. ‘Umar entered the city in the company of only a small number of Muslims and asked Patriarch Safronius to accompany him in his tour to the holy sites. He also has many contributions in social sciences, the most important of which is the theory of Crowd Psychology which is a branch of social psychology. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931). He was a French Orientalist and researcher in sociology and psychology. He offered the Egyptians complete religious freedom, absolute justice and respect for their property, and imposed a fixed annual Jizyah of no more than fifteen franks per capita, as opposed to the high taxes levied by the Roman Caesars. The Arabs abided by these conditions so much that the Egyptians loved them after they had bitterly suffered from the injustice of the Christian Caesars of Constantinople. That the Arabs did not make other attempts to conquer this region goes back to the fact that northern France was very cold and rainy and this neither suited them nor encouraged them to stay there. Psychologie des foules / par Gustave Le Bon. This rudimentary theory of learning was first formulated when he was stud⦠Among his famous books is La Civilization des Arabes (The Civilization of the Arabs), one of the most fundamental books written in Europe in the modern age, impartial and objective in judgment on Arab and Islamic civilization. Gustave Le Bon (1841â1931) French psychologist and sociologist; Emil Lederer (1882â1939) Harvey Leibenstein (1922â1994) Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (V.I. Gustave Le Bon (* 7. Gustave le Bon (1841-1931) He was a French Orientalist and researcher in sociology and psychology. Indeed, the Arabs were no less influential to the West than they were to the East. They left them free with their property, churches and laws and made their own (rather than the Muslim) judges responsible for their legal affairs. [18] Gustave La Bon, Les opinions et les croyances, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 6. (1931) Ouvrage illustré de: 1- Médailles traduisant les sentiments d'une époque; 2- Instruments de l'auteur pour mesurer les variations des personnalités biologiques correspondant aux changements de personnalités mentales; 3- Combinaisons d'architecture montrant l'influence de ⦠In his sight, it does not deserve all what was said about it or about its leader, Charles Martel, who but stopped the Arab conquests only in northern France whilst their conquests went on in its south. To receive the latest topics on email directly as they are published, All rights reserved to Islam story website ©2012. Ulyanov) (1870â1924) Russian revolutionary; Pope Leo XIII (Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci) (1810â1903) Bruno Leoni (1913â1967) Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief (1906â1999) Gustave Le Bon (Francia, 1841-1931) Psicólogo social y escritor francés, fue el primero en describir el fenómeno de las masas y de la colectividad amorfa; por ello algunos le consideran el fundador de la psicología de masas. Social scientists have developed several different theories for explaining crowd psychology and the ways in which the psychology of the crowd differs significantly from that of the individuals within it, including the notion of the Collective Unconscious. The fruit of…, This section focusses on the historical, sociological, philosophical, economic, political, and scientific context of modernism. The Online Books Page. The Arabs of Spain were so forbearing with their conquered people that they allowed their bishops to hold their religious conferences, such as the Christian Seville Conference (782 A.D.) and Christian Cordoba Conference (852 A.D.). found: Rouvier, C. Les idées politiques de Gustave Le Bon, c1986: p. 261 (b. If you belong to such an institution, please log in or find out more about After completing medical studies in Paris he traveled extensively and wrote on a variety of topics ranging from premature burial to equitation. Gustave Le Bon was a French doctor and sociologist and a pioneering figure in social psychology. âThe Crowd Gustave Le Bon, french social psychologist, sociologist, anthropologist, inventor, and amateur physicist (1841-1931) This ebook presents «The Crowd», from Gustave Le Bon. Gustave Le Bon was born on May 7, 1841, in Nogent-le-Retrou. Edward Bernays, widely regarded as the father of modern advertising, drew heavily on Le Bon’s work when formulating his ideas on propaganda and mass manipulation. When the Christians conquered the Arabs of Andalusia, the Arabs favored to be killed and driven out entirely rather than to leave Islam. Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931) Gustave Le Bon (n. 7 de mayo, 1841 - â 13 de diciembre, 1931) fue un sociólogo y físico aficionado, en el campo de la psicología social es una gran influencia por sus aportaciones sobre la dinámica social y grupal. That is, he did not exterminate them entirely: he rather levied upon them a very little Jizyah and forbade the Muslims to take anything from them.”[17], “The Bedouin tribes in the Arab Peninsula adopted a religion brought by an unlettered person by virtue of which they established, within less than fifty years, a great state like that of Alexander and adorned it with many magnificent buildings which stand as a miraculous sign. A similar toleration was shown by the Arabs in all Syrian cities, whose inhabitants soon accepted the sovereignty of the Arabs and most of them embraced Islam instead of Christianity and learnt Arabic as well.”[5], “The conduct of the Commander of the Believers, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb, in Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis) proves how kindly the Arab conquerors dealt with the conquered peoples, the opposite of what was done by the Crusaders in Jerusalem many centuries later. In his works, he recognizes the credit of Arab and Islamic civilization on European and Western civilization, not only by transmitting the Greek and Indian cultures but also by making its own tradition. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government. … But even, the different peoples had never known tolerant conquerors like the Arabs nor a religion like theirs.”[9], “The forbearance and toleration that characterized the Arab conquerors, of which historians were ignorant, seemed to explain to what extent they were able to expand their conquests. â2 works of Gustave Le Bon French social psychologist, sociologist, Anthropologist, inventor, and amateur physicist (1841-1931) This ebook presents a collection of 2 works of Gustave Le Bon. That toleration was recognized by some European scholars who had doubts or those few in number who believed and gazed at the history of the Arabs. It exempts the patriarchs, monks and their servants from taxes. A dynamic table of contents enables to jump directly to the chapter selected. Thus, a lot of peoples very easily adopted their religion, systems and language, which established itself, resisted all invasions and survived even after the disappearance of Arab sovereignty from the scene. Le Bon practiced medicine in Paris after finishing his medical studies in 1866. . Whenever anyone of them spoke, attention would be paid to him with great respect and he would be asked to rely only on a logical rather than textual proof. Nevertheless, the Qur’an did not spread by the sword. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon est né à Nogent-le-Rotrou, dans le Centre-Val de Loire, le 7 mai 1841. how to order. … Muhammad was certain that Allâh commanded him to call people to a new religion which He revealed to him in order to renew the world and, by virtue of his certainty, he was able to change the entire world.”[18], “The Arab conquests had a specific character the like of which was missing with other conquerors who came after them. Access to the full text of the entire article is only available to members of institutions that have purchased access. Over time, exposure to institutions, laws, and habits creates racial or national character. تشتمل على موسوعة من الآف الموضوعات والبحوث والدراسات الموثقة والمواد الصوتية والمرئية والإنفوجرافيك، التي تتناول التاريخ والحضارة الإسلامية بأسلوب سلس وممتع، كما تتناول تراجم موثقة لأبرز الشخصيات التاريخية المؤثرة في التاريخ والحضارة الإنسانية. In addition he traveled extensively in Europe, Asia, and North Africa and composed a series of travelogues and works on archeology and anthropology, including "La Civilisation des Arabes" and "Les Civilisations de l'Inde" ⦠It is a moment of crisis, in the literal sense of that word. Retrieved 21 Dec. 2020, from https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. This seemed clearer in Egypt whose Persian, Greek and Roman conquerors did not succeed in changing the ancient Pharaonic civilization and replacing it with their own.”[10], “The Arabs of Spain had ideal chivalry by virtue of their great toleration. Few are the ethnic groups which rose and declined like the Arabs. BY GUSTAVE LE BON {b. doi:10.4324/9781135000356-REM1586-1, Merrill, T. 2016, 'Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)' in Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism, Taylor and Francis, viewed 21 December 2020,
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